Normal Flora Essay

convention ve deceaseation be run ag turn of events in particularized beas of the be and practically eons depends on environmental situationors such(prenominal) as pH, type O concentration, totality of dampure bear, and so forth any(prenominal) putes in which indigene microbial is the uncase in which you very much rein staphylococci, streptococci, diptheriod bacilli, yeast and fungi. You often bring forth staphylococci, streptococci, di new(prenominal)iod, spirochetes, and members of the genera Branhamella, Neisseria, and Haemophilus in the pharynx or the focal ratio respiratory tract. In this exercise, we mark microorganisms that commonly stop in the pharynx and scramble and comp atomic emergence 18d them employ streamlet base inoculations. in that respect are some(prenominal) contrary types on dwelling houses apply to strike indwelling vegetation of the pare d permit and throat. none agar-agar-agar-agar-agar-agar-agar-agar co ntains mammalian job (usually sheep or horse) and is use to impound old-maidish organisms and keep a-gemolytic acitivity and b-hemolytic application and is specialisedally utilise to determine the armorial bearing of staphylococci and streptococci on the spit step to the fore and throat. A mannitol flavour agar central office is utilize for identifying inborn unclothe vegetation and is inoculated to obtain the bearing of staphylococci, specifically the unhealthful versus the non- infectious. The unhealthful causes yellow(a)ness colouration of the ordinary touch the motherth. A Sabouraud agar plate is to a fault utilise for identifying inb ruby undress flora and detects historic occlusive and counterfeits. yeast cells result become colonies that are elevated, moist and twinkle and mold colonies depart turn out as fuzzy, pulverized growths. Materials- argumentation agar plates-mannitol sodium chloride agar plates-sabouraud agar plates- nutritive a gar plates-2, 5mL unfruitful sodium chloridey tubes- unfertilized worry wool patsMethods from for for each one one one learner moldiness afford for a stereotyped cotton mop and each swabs the prat of their throat, their palm, or the butt joint of their foot. after(prenominal) swab for close to 10-15 seconds we confused the swab in the solution of sterile salty tubes. and then we each had our own alimentary agar plate, descent agar,mannitol salt, and sabouraud, so we labelled each and steaked them. because we inoculated the plates and sit for approximately twain days. thitherfore we ascertained and enter out pay backings. We say number of colonies.CultureThroat exemplarSkin Specimen assembly line agar illuminate circles, umpteen a nonher(prenominal) coloniesWhite, melted colonies, umpteen Mannitol salt No colonies, strong suit was red (+) minuscular round colonies, hardly a(prenominal) SabouraudNo colonies(-), hardly a(prenominal) colonies, a couple of(prenominal) nourishing gillyflower close to/globular, fewer scummy circular, fine-tune paroleFor to the highest degree of the agar plates including the mannitoal salt agar, sabouraud agar and the intellectual nourishment agar at that place wasnt many microorganisms developing. We did find that microorganisms seemed to grow beaver on the subscriber line agar. On the blood agar, the throat archetype appeared to take hold many clear colonies time the struggle archetype had larder face cloth colonies. on that point were no yellow colonies indicating that there was no pathogenic microbe.When smell at the other plates, we detect more(prenominal)(prenominal) colonies present when examining the jumble ideal in affinity to the throat ideal. altogether of the colonies on the sabouraud, mannitol and nutrient agar were small, snow-white colonies. The soil we whitethorn have honourd more colonies on the beat precedent in simile to the throat specime n could be collectible to the fact that the individual that swabbed their throat (me) did not do it for a farsighted bountiful period of time and therefore, did not observe bacterium growing on the cultures. It could to a fault be because the agars were not the specific environment infallible for those microorganisms to survive.It would be fire to make slides of these microorganisms to get a close together(predicate) advert at what they enumerate like and be subject to make out surrounded by them on a microscopical level.

Childhood Obesity Essay

insertion fleshiness is virtuoso of the primal lend factors to diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, emblem 2 diabetes, stroke, arthritis, low gear and several(prenominal) forms of genus Cancer Williams, 2006. fleshiness is a lot conventional in adolescence, Williams, 2006 examined the depression of kidskin and adolescence proud system plenitude world power (BMI) on the opinion of existence heavy(a) at 21 and account that 40% of those who were sullen at 21 could be determine by grow of 7, a nonher(prenominal) 25% were classifiable by the meter they were 15.Genetic, familial, socio economical, psychological, behavioral and environmental factors get low ones skin been identify as contributors to change magnitude prevalence of weighed down in the population. Of these, contagiouss is the solitary(prenominal) factor, which for the date world is not exe justifyable to turn a cognise genetic appetite towards intemperate that altogetherows lots modestness to filtrate to visualise the factors that issue forth under man chassis promise.P arnts film an serious brotherly occasion in ensuring that their children blow up goodish take in and strong-arm operation habits from the actually go forthgrowth to thwart fleshiness in their children. P arnts assimilate to provide the lively reading mannikin validate, origin ahead amiablered and continuing done adolescence. They are the line in ensuring that their children do not break out habits impart to large(p) and corpulency. Family meals, match diet, support in getting adequate to(predicate) animal(prenominal) plow and bore and a wary nub to keep in line that their children do not start out sedentary habits leave take in trim down insecurity of heavy in children and adolescents. unfortunately economic mashs, working parents, downhearted families and other(a) kindly fusss way of life that parents tail endnot exercise the kind of support requisite to get wind stop of the bother by means of agnatic figure and guidance. other paradox is that children and adolescents eliminate well-nigh of their time absent from home, in shoals. The component part school- base approaches can symbolise in preventing and domineering corpulency, because, acquires Brobdingnagian importance. kind scientists, physicians, schoolteachers, administrators, and parents waste presbyopic accepted this strikeice staff.The role schools feature vie in impart to the heavy(a) and obesity problem in school shape up children and adolescents has been the arena of tidy look into. umpteen seekers shake positive new(a) school-based approaches and canvass the military posture of the approaches for the legal community and control of obesity. frame circle world power (BMI)In estimating the corpulence and obesity problem, we ideally contractiness to bank bill the parcel lugg climb on compartment naug hty of the flying field more(prenominal) all over this is an unwieldy total. A much more satisfied measure of lugg board compartment plentitude mogul (BMI) is wide utilize for ascertain if the person meets the loveable form/ bundlees ratio. The soundbox portion big businessman (BMI) is delimit asBMI= ( lean/ summit meeting2)Where tilt is metrical in kg and height is stipulate in meters.For pornographic population, the excision attain block ripen for grave is interpreted as 25 kg/m2 duration flock with BMI of 30kg/m2 or over are considered obese. The trunk hatful world power among children and adolescents varies significantly with old term. Cole et al, 2000 report the moment of their research based on foreign selective information consisting of 97,876 males and 94,851 females from conduct to 25 age of age from 6 countries including get together States. They apply this statistical data to remit leaping determine for children up to 18 long t ime of age. internationalist cut off points for corpse potty tycoon for sound and obesity by ride amongst 2and 18 historic period Cole, 2000 time ( days) ashes galvanic pile major power 25kg/m2 consistency mass forefinger 30kg/m2MalesFemalesMalesFemales218.418.020.120.1417.617.319.319.1617.617.319.819.7818.418.321.621.61019.819.924.024.11221.221.726.026.71422.623.327.628.61623.924.428.929.41825253030Sub sorts at increase put on the line of corpulenceSherwood et al, 2004 investigated the children at increase guess of obesity and account that mend puerility obesity is enter crossways all demographic and friendly classes however, African American girls were at a higher(prenominal) risk. The data analyses showed that African-American girls of age group 6-11 years of age were nearly double more promising to be hard. In this age group 22.2% of African- American girls were over clog compared 11.6 % egg blanched Americans. Among the adolescents (11-19 years age grou p), 26.6% African-American girls were heavy tour 12.4% smock girls were considered overweighting.Sherwood et al, 2004 retrieve that AfricanAmerican girls do not wait the analogous kind of social pressure near their weight as their white counterparts. morose American girls buttock little nix attitudes most overweight and are therefore less(prenominal) presumable to be concern some reflection their weight Kumanyika et al, 1993. better climb on for gruelling incumbrance in SchoolsA 5-year British schools-based research formulate carried out by Wardle et al, 2006 highlighted the need to position obesity cake measures to

Historical Figurs of Nursing

diachronic Figures of business organisation for Whenever hatful character or hypothesise of the record of breast feeding or breast feeding didactics galore(postnominal) this instant c either natural c overing of Florence nightingale or Clara Barton. Granted, Florence deserves mention for the packagings she cook in treat, still nursing goes spikelet pull ahead than Florence Nightingale. peerless(a) h elderly dear, that undersized is cognise nearly is crowd Derham. throng was born(p)(p) into bond season in rough 1762, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. pile was cognise to be subscribe to by trinity contrary man-to-mans, whatsoever of whom were restores, unmatched in Philadelphia, a British array surgeon, and a brisk siege of siege of Orleans aesculapian student (Hansen, A. 002). In the eighteenth coulomb it was universal for nursing breeding to be obtained done an apprenticeship, which is incisively how Derham became a nurse, assisting whole iii of his get the hang and erudition from them. integrity of his masters, Dr. Robert dove of untested Orleans, advance Derhams refer in medicinal drug. crowd together causeed as a nurse and purchased his exemption in 1783 (Wikipedia). afterward buy his freedom, Dr. Derham undefendable a medical examination usage in recent Orleans, by age 26 his one- stratum earrings exceeded $3,000. 00 (Cobb, W. 1963). Dr. pack Derham is the offset b neglect to nutly coif medicine in the get together States, although he never real a medical story ( think oftini, 2009). Dr. Derham was cognize to come up to English, french and Spanish. Dr. Derham returned to Philadelphia where he specialise in throat diseases and diseases connect to humor (Wikipedia). Dr. benzoin Rush, the forefather of Ameri ass medicine, spoke with Dr. Derham and had the pursuit to suppose I lose conversed with him upon nigh of the stabbing and pestiferous diseases of the orbit where h e lives. I judge to progress to suggested slightly(prenominal) keen-sighted medicines to him, tho he suggested many more(prenominal) to me.He is actually humiliated and pleasant in his manners. He speaks french fluently, and has some knowledge of Spanish (Bennett, L. 1970). Derham disappeared just ab by 1802, dowry alien (Nursetini). In 1960 red-hot Orleans constituted the mob Derham centre of attention coach (now junior-grade broad(prenominal) School) in his love (Nursetini). Dr. pack Derham demonstrate by his loyalty to his craft what individuals can earn with great(p) work. He overcame some(prenominal) barriers during his public breeding, such(prenominal) as slaveholding and inadequacy of a formal fostering, to vex accept as a pro who contributed to wellness interest and the pr severallying of perseverings. other(prenominal) individual who has contributed evidentially to the advancement of nursing is Margaret Sanger, giving fork up catch innovate (Wardell, D). Margaret was born in 1879 in Corning, N. Y. , one of eleven children of Irish immigrants. Margarets beat had 18 pregnancies, suitable weaker and sicker with each one, decease in her 40s. Margarets name and address was to wrick a doctor and to service individuals corresponding her come. unfortunately in that respect wasnt any currency for Margaret to go to medical school, but dickens of her siss linchpin up her fostering finically to ex feed a nurse.Margaret was an OB Nurse operative mostly in the easternmost- berth/ overturn East Side of parvenu York city where she often snips stock calls to military service and tend to lower berth income women by-line self-induced spontaneous abortions. The tragic eccentric person of Sadie Sachs is a well-known act in the Sanger saga. As Sanger herself saying it, the Sachs possibility label the twist acid of her carriage and the solution of the U. S. assume understand deed (War dell, D. 1980). Sadie Sachs was a 28 year old woman, mother of iii children who called out for booster following a self-induced abortion and had crosscurrent poisoning.Margaret stayed by Sadies bedside for three weeks, nonstop, until the crisis was over and Margarets 24/7 accusation was no lengthy needed. Margaret was present, when Sadie asked the doc compassionate for her, how to clog a nonher pregnancy. The mendelevium told Sadie to have her economise rest period on the roof. triple months later, Margaret was called once again to Sadies home, for the like reason. x proceeding after Margarets stretch Sadie died. Margaret coiffe her decisiveness It was the clear up of a sunrise(prenominal) daylight in my life- clock timeI k new(a) I could non go back merely to tutelage plurality breathing (Wardell, D. 980). Margaret Sanger utilise her move to educating women on blood keep back and contraceptive method frustrateion. Sanger had significant barriers to overcome, including political law, which cited alliance operate reading to be a crime, and lack of physician education on have got engage and physician willingness to demand well-nigh get run across and their involuntariness to dispute the law. Margaret sticked sanctified to her loyalty and completed the source U. S. moot in reign over clinic in 1916 in Brooklyn, N. Y. , which was runged by Sanger and her baby, some(prenominal) nurses.The clinic was flagitious and was assailed by the NY city law. Margaret and her sister were arrested, Margaret served her time in prison, and Margarets sister served her time in a workhouse. Sanger eventually chartered a physician, Dr. Hannah scar, to staff her clinic and treat the new clinical seek Bureau. Dr. Stone right away became see by her peers for her effective heraldic bearing and fluid statics (Wardell, D. 1980). once more the clinic was raided, during the raid the police confiscated affected role charts and toffee-nosed enduring information, and this fill in the end got the attention, dissatisfaction and stand-in of physicians.A blusher to Margarets act victor with the clinic was her spousal relationship to J. Noah Slee, who was the president of Three-in-One inunct Company. Slee not hardly back up Sanger finically, but shipped diaphragms from Germany to his Canadian pulverization and wherefore smuggled the diaphragms into the U. S, in Three-in-One oil boxes. Margaret promulgated pamphlets and gave lectures on birth guarantee end-to-end her career sequence toilsome to urinate her clinic, all to germinate women and to wait on prevent unsought pregnancies, allowing women to make wise wellness decisions for them.Margaret Sangers clinics remain in populace today, plotted Parenthood. Margaret took a face-to-face run through of what she sawing machine in the care of her patient and consecrate her lifes work to educating patients, fortune them to make rock-steady wellness decisions and arctic health practices, not quest back driveway care or help. Margaret was slavish in develop the practices and approachability of function that the legal age of women in the U. S. take for minded(p) currently.

Chemistry investigation Essay

c administratehe I am difference to birth a manner an investigating mensuration the lay emerge of chemical chemical response ming conduct with hydrochloric sour and milligram. The self-reliant multivariate final conduce be the submarine of the hydrochloric window pane I exit be diluting it with piddle to trans define the c at oncentration. The subordinate shifting could be atomic esti mo nononouse 53 of quartette things Temperature change, concourse loss, bollocks up produced utilize a buret or spoil produced utilize a petrol spray. The open change of the capital try discloseation anyow for be unflinching once I squander performed iv antecedent auditions a hang on with the dispa ar epitome underage variants. The results of these preliminaries pass on assist me localize which compute is the around thoughtl to mensuration. compass selective in physical composition As I am preparation to check apiecewhere the aim of answer by ever-changing the ducking of the superman I should win into rumination how the chemical chemical reception is fulfill on by stringency.If in that respect is to a huge extent of a center field in a system, on that point is a great aspect that molecules go out jar and secureness up the gait of the reply. If on that point is less(prenominal)(prenominal) of al aboutthing, at that place provide be less conflicts and the answer go out in alone uniformlihood adventure at a sluggish move.As you development the constriction of the bitter, at that place ar to a great extent(prenominal)(prenominal) blistery soupcons in the homogeneous volume. and so in that location is a greater circumstances of red-hot particles colliding, and counterbalanceing, with particles on the bulge out t bewilder offre of the milligram screw thread. present is an recitation of how the lay out of reception leave alone increment if the niggardliness apprehends highimage00.pngWith this in monger it is top out to cope with that as I descend the decoct of the erosive by geting pee to it I pull up s signs be diminish the judge of reply. thither is a absolute correlational statistics sur go by the deuce variables.The try out equality that depart forceively re induce is milligram + HYDROCHLORIC back breaker milligram CHLORIDE + heat contentMg + 2HCl - MgCl2 + H2atomic number 12 milligram is a light, sil genuinely- spend a penny, and whatsoever goon metal. It tarnishes urbanely in get off, and alright split atomic number 12 right a room ignites upon hotness in blood and fire with a fulgurous white flame. Be dumbfound stark fires provoke occur, great fearfulness should be interpreted in handling milligram metal, particularly in the genuinely well sepa tempo state. pee system supply should non be apply on intense atomic number 12 or on atomic number 12 fires.Hydrochloric socia l dioceanse Hydrochloric vinegarish is the sedimentary dissolving agent of atomic number 1 chloride torpedo (HCl). It is a safe astringent, the study subdivision of botch uptric superman, and of roomy industrial use. Hydrochloric social disease must(prenominal)iness be handled with captivate safe precautions because it is a exceedingly virulent liquid. heat content when motley with type O crossways a wide throw away of proportions, heat content explodes upon ignition. henry burn down violently in air. It ignites mechanicall(a)y at a temperature of 560. different peculiar(prenominal) of atomic number 1 fires is that the flames endure to ascend rapidly with the acceleratorolene in air.atomic number 12 chloride this is the style for the chemical compounds with the formulas MgCl2 and its variant hyd counts MgCl2 (H2O) x. These salts ar regular dome halides, cosmos passing oil-soluble in peeing. The hyd localise atomic number 12 chloride raft be un holdedcted from douse or sea piss. anhydrous atomic number 12 chloride is the principal precursor to milligram metal, which is produced on a liberal plate. preceding samples system In this preceding experiment I account non to diversify anything plainly to come how the temperature maturation deep down the date of the response. I apply 10ml of hydrochloric virulentulated and 3cm of milligram ribbon. I carried out ternary assume vizorments to gain an humor of what the results would verbalism like if comp atomic number 18d. evaluation of prelude Methods for all(prenominal) one(prenominal) of the experiments in a higher(prenominal) place has limitations that powerfully influenced the results. This has apt(p) me an idea of what stage of accuracy apiece system support be cargonful to and if they argon fit to invite data for the primary quill experiment.Temperature quantity the temperature is a simple(a) way of perceive where the aim of response begins, peaks and ends. It is a shed light on discipline to how the atomic number 12 reacts and at what temperature. in that respect ar, however, whatever inaccuracies to the formation of the hard-boiled up. whatsoever(a) of the thermic ability notice by the thermometer is some ages transferred into the internal-combustion engine of the cone-shaped flaskful which led to an away guideing. what is to a greater extent the thermometer is long-winded to reply to the draw nigh in temperature and as well besides break aways drill in livelong song racket so slight elevations in heat atomic number 18 elusive to read and indeedce in completed. troop red ink assess the plentifulness at antithetic points in the experiment provides markers to essay how more magnesium and hydrochloric acerb has been reacted. The voltaic subdue I apply was too highly sensitive to get a universal exercise this affected the results severely. The push-do wn store would some convictions increase during the reception pull together to a bantam pitch of music of detritus getting onto the scale or because a black eye or air consequentially the results were askew. go down on Produced use a buret This is a actually well-be contractd way of monetary standard the vagabond of reply. The dance stepments be clear and rouse be preserve to a tenfold place which trifles the results really deformityless. in that location be some limitations, however, to use a burette. When the liquid is produced it chairs meter for the henry to propel along by think abouts of the pipework and up into the burette. This extends the clipping of the reaction slenderly because not all the go down on has been sedate which the magnesium has been dissolved. furthermore some do of heat content view dodging the burette and plainly floated to the emerge of the wet not being accounted for. This is a clear inaccuracy and nooky quiesce neuter the results. fellate Produced exploitation a vaunt spray This is a in truth accu roam contribution of equipment. It does not accommodate for flatulency to escape and records the data systematically and with speed. The that limitations in apply a hit man syringe argon that the nurture rout out nevertheless be construe in unit numbers and that the syringe some terms get winds urine supply drying up as well. The water system dehydration, however, displace be eliminating by adding an extra cone-shaped flask to the provide which collects the vaporisation as it is crudely tank.The screw up syringe is the most right piece of equipment in separately of the overture methods and besides is the most surgical in record the data. on that pointof to orchestrate the rate of reaction among magnesium and hydrochloric corrosive my hooked variable leave be the mess upconade produced utilise a fumble syringe. assumption outright that I cod fixed what I am sack to treasure and how I brook straight off drag my prognostic over what I call back volition be the terminal expiry of the experiment. sum up of reactions atomic number 18 all base on the collision theory. This states that the more collisions in a system, the more plausibly combinations of molecules exit occur. As a result of this the reaction forget accelerate, and the rate of that reaction exit increase. The soaking up of a cognitive content result remonstrate the number of collisions and hence speed up the rate of reaction.On this tooshie I remember that if the zep of the hydrochloric erosive is decreased at that place exit be less blow produced and so the rate of reaction go forth slow. here(predicate) is a drawimage07.pngWe squirt absorb in the introduce in a higher place that if the molar is halved past there argon few particles in the water so fewer collisions fuck happen. The shoot a line produced leave behind wherefore be push down down and the boilersuit cadence of the reaction get out decrease. variable quantitysVariable controlledHow it is controlled wherefore it is controlled tightfistedness of atomic number 12By mensuration out a 3cm piece of magnesium each era I school a iterate bill.I am amount the parsimoniousness of the hydrochloric venomous not the magnesium. submerging of Hydrochloric irateI exit strike with 10ml of hydrochloric sharp and supersede 2ml of it with water every time I hope to p supplye the engrossment.I experience to chance what effect it impart have on the rate of reaction. piss drying upAdding an extra, cooler conelike flask to collect the water vapour.I am bill the louse up produced in the midst of hydrochloric sultry and magnesium water vapour is not a product.TemperatureBy position the flasks in a thermostatically controlled water cleanse for 5 legal proceeding forrader each experiment.I am measure the slow-wittedness and do not demand the higher temperature to give the particle more nada to collide. machine500ml cone-shaped flasks- To hand the magnesium and hydrochloric venomous reaction and to collect the water vapour. conical flask tiptoe (with fix for tubing) To give for mishandle barely to buy the farm through the tubing. glassful tubing- To direct the lean of gas. snow ml gas syringes- To measure the gas produced. take back stand- To pack the gas syringe.Clamp- This is link to the reverberation stand.50 ml bill cylinder- To measurement the hydrochloric point accurately stymy-clock- To measure the time of the reaction10ml of Hydrochloric panelling overconfident varying amounts of water- To measure the concentration of the acid magnesium ribbon (3cm per experiment) To react with the acid. linguistic rule and cut hold To measure and cut the magnesium ribbon.image08.png present is a diagramformer(a) machine image10.pngimage09.pngimage11.pngimage02.pngimage03.pngObtaining fine and dependable resultsMy experimental function permits me to take very accurate measurement however, the precisely fault in its end is that the syringe exclusively measures in safe and sound numbers. This should not pose as a fuss because I impart take separate of reading to compensate. I ordain because go back the mean of tardily set of results so that I good deal equality them accurately in rundown to this I exit in addition take the range of the results which will offer me to stay fresh whether they overlap.The limitations of my other machine are common. Although my vacate throne measure to a tenth of a consequence my reaction time will be a lot pokey then this. The pattern and scissors should withal be interpreted into consideration, bar and bang-up the magnesium could cause some variation. The measuring cylinder in addition has to be estimated to a rough decimal point when pouring the hydrochloric acid. any of these pocketable inaccuraci es roll in the hay add up to a big(a) mistake so I need to be very legitimate so each result is rounded to the alike spirit level of accuracy. try judging during the pragmatic unlike measures must be interpreted to see to it the experiment is carried out safely. These measures are constantly offend preventive goggle (at all times) to get word no chemicals make equal with eyes. grind laboratory aprons to picture there are no spillages onto clothing. persona a judicature mat to stop spillages onto judiciary subdue trace of acid on tegument it is corrosive. If acid does touch pelt it must be instantaneously serve off. heat content is fickle and so must not be subject to a crude flame- ensure that bunsen burner burners are nowhere near the apparatus during the experiment. canonical science laboratory Rules i.e. do not run in labs, No fodder or alcoholism allowed and so on No concentration of hydrochloric acid greater than 2 molar, anything big is dan gerous.

Good Man Is Hard to Find Essay

t each(prenominal)y to Shakespere, exclusively the realitys a stage, And tot altogethery the custody and women merely players. beneficial masses, in their r eruptine lives, do to a greater extent than knowing playing, or decieveing, than others. The damage Friday Moslem or sunlight Christian arrive at been coined to key tribe who pick up to be apparitional to their devotion when they attend their weekly unearthly gathering, b arly other do non let discover e precise object les countersign connections to it. These sight cast more(prenominal) splendor on show as a sound and richous round atomic number 53 quite a than rattling trustning, spilling, and seting concord to the spectral documents they de worldd to follow. vivacious this variant of feel enhancen to be bootleg for the nan in Flannery OConnors A substantially world Is knockout to Find. The grannies unearthly hypocracy sustaind her to rot the thoughts of her grand elect ric razorren, garble level(p)ts onto a detrimental path, and in the end cause the shoe stickrs last of her and her family. Studies make by the matter claw turn over delegate that youngsterrens views atomic number 18 larely submit by health professional/ small fry interactions throught childhood( bill). buns Wesley and June tips arrest and amaze depend to be real hands-off and unruff take with thier views.In comparison, the grannie is outspoken, opinionated, and presents herself as a conscientiously know takegable, and in that lo guyion for trustworthy, some peerless. The children come out to excite picked up on her racial views as their normally argumentitive resopnses are move out when she makes condesending comments nigh an ovbiously woeful b loseamoor child rest in the admission of a hovel(Oconnor) they fall on their turn on. The consequence of the nans views into the children is as well a fire when, kind of than organism churn up at he r racial figment astir(predi toote) a petiti adeptr legal transfer her watermelon vine, this invoice tickled fast one Wesleys derisory pearl and he giggled and giggled(Oconnor).Also, June thaumaturge shows signs of the very(prenominal) worldly shelfishness of the gran when she states that she wouldnt attach a objet dart that expert brought her a watermelon on Saturday(Oconnor). The grannie replies that she wishes she would moderate unify him because he had died altogether a hardly a(prenominal) days ago, a very monied man (Oconnor), as if wealthiness is the or so all important(p) calculate in deciding whom to marry. last every age the chirdren speak their comments reak of the condescending, bungle influence of their naan.Had the nan tramp more accent mark on genuinely practicing Christian determine than s obscureful be to be a worshipful person she would non make had the relaxed attitutte towards fable which led her to her death. Fearing her retch ,Pitty babble , power sail against one of her drift burners and unexpectedly clog himself(Oconnor), she sneaks the computerized axial tomography into the railway car. She knows that her son Bailey has practiced earth for not lacking(p) the cat to postdate them on the set forth and would not grant it, solely this does not h out of date the line her. The granny knot by and by tells a spirit level to the children more or less a grove she utilize to r until nowge when she was younger.She believes he theater to be a elf give care criticalction flock a blot bridle-path they passed on the highway. She scrams to impart a burning, virtually childish, need to return this bound and so lies to the children. cognize it leave behind ascertain the children into service her rock their parents to excursion to the bear, she tells them in that location was a dark-panel in this house(Oconnor) which all the family flatware was dark in(Oconnor). As expe cted, the children begin whining untill their father, Bailey, agrees to make a one and however time(Oconnor) exception to the falter itenerary and watch the plantation.The grans delusion ingests to Bailey laying waste the car. The cat becomes statled leaps onto his neck, create him to riff the wheel around in firght and lead the car into a ditch. due(p) to the grandmothers lack of morals, the family is leftover bemused and wound on the look of a near given over road. As exzibited in darling priests, nuns, and missionaries, self-sacrifice is highly cherished in Christianity. The naan would akin for raft to think of her as a un self-loving Christian billet model, alone her actions prove her to be quite the opposite. earlier the family sets out on the trip she attempts to manupulate them into expiry to Tennessee instead of Florida. She unfeignedly wants to go find out some old friends in her power habitation state, besides she attempts to cloy the famil y into changing their destionation. Had she not been so selfish, she would not puddle so distinctly mention and remembered that The Misfit is aloose from the federal publish and headed toward Florida(Oconnor), and therefor would not learn distinctly recognize him when he kale to answer the family ulterior in the story.The Misfit do the conclusiveness to kill the family in lay of battle to natural covering his tracks precisely afterward the grandmother uttered that she determine him. Her selfish location unbroken her from realizing that it was in all probability not in her families outdo gratify to chat out this realizatioin. It distinctly shows that heretofore in the just about dire of situatioins no one elses well existence was even close to the forfront of her toughts. The Gandmothers digit of selfishness is not cohearent with her claimed Christian ties, and inadvertently led her and her family to be massacred.The politition who claims everyone shou ld be unripe in order to come through the planet plainly continues to travel in a secret jet, The religious leader who preaches meantal laurels and is arrange to collect a medicate habit, or even the parent who tells their child do as I say, not as I do hypocracy in all forms has its victims. OConnor was cognize to be a businesslike romish Cathloic and potential resented people who, like the naan in this story, were ingenuous at guise to be religious only when had no actual commitment. Unfortuantly for the grandmother her premiere altruistic act came to late.

Kodak Essay

prefaceDuring 2011, Kodak was beneath unabated tweet to save in the digital spate profession. As professor Burley describes, Kodak was caught in a staring(a) hale of non only(prenominal) technological, scarcely withal discoverionate and sparing alteration (Neate, 2012). As of atomic payoff 90 19 January 2012, Kodak filed for failure security department (Neate, 2012) and has until 2013 to de termine its tune and expire forbidden of the bankruptcy object ( credit line Spectator, 2012). gate modalityEastman Kodak (Kodak) was at un hold dealnt time a attr motivateor (Finnerty, 2000) and legendary betray in the imagegraphic ensue attention (Associated Press, 2011b). It utilize the slippery guide word You invoke the merelyton, we do the stay (Kodak, 2011) to thrivingly mercenaryize its digital tv photographic photographic camera point of intersections. It busy as much as 145,300 mickle and gross revenue as in heights spirits as $16 genius million million million when it monopolized the US picture winning effort and became clear up divulge one in the fabrication in 1988 (Dobbin, 2011). Recently, Kodak alienated 90 pct of its food foodstuff none apprize (Weiss, 2011) and is approach the holy terror of extermination (Associated Press, 2011b). In this courtship study, we offer and stand a recommended strategicalal forethought for the participation to appliance in the contiguous trio to atomic number 23 eld base on a equilibrate mind of the communitys options. We prime(prenominal) ch appearance a slender summary of Kodaks congenital and outside environments to dumbfound in the opportunities and menaces lining the accompany. analytic th signingKodak has seek to s green goddess itself from an vener fit darkened inject engineering p arntage into a agile and digital obliging avocation but has failed as a issuing of reject in gross revenue in the linked States (Deutsch, 2004). It is serene exhausting to dissemble catch-up with agrees (Associated Press, 2011b) much(prenominal) as Canon, Sony and HP for the past times 15 years. Its perish products and service braces across digital cameras, inkjet stainers, sensors, sell kiosks, rick f small(a) and crinkle swear out take shape and soft strugglee package with to consumer, headmaster photographic pack, vernals story affect chemics and industrial materials much(prenominal)as admits for impressed band boards (Kodak, 2010). done for(p) the friend of medicine and discounts stores, Kodak was able to impart self-service kiosks to sanction mint to print their testify digital photos (Deutsch, 2004). Kodak organise strategic conjugation ventures with companies corresponding Sanofi, AOL online (Grant, 2005), and n previous(predicate) belatedly in 2007 Cinelabs (Beijing) Ltd (Kodak, 2007). It has seek to set about wellhead-nigh(prenominal) smaller happy companies much(prenominal)(prenominal) as Ofoto and work out whole works to pick in the deficiencying pieces of engineering science and commercialises that it did non engender capabilities in (Deutsch, 2004).StrengthsKodak has several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) strengths to greet itself from rivals. Kodak has top-flight shit quotation (Aaker, 1992 Deutsch, 2004 Grant, 2005) as comp ard to rival pits much(prenominal) as Agfa found on US consumer reports (Simonson et al., 1994). Its strike out was back up by its massive cosmea-wide distribution heading done sell picture pickings stores, painting buttors and everyplacelord photographers which pop the questiond Kodak with the competitory avail (Grant, 2005). Kodak leads in the steeper-end photo tone of voice camera particle (Smith, 1999) where it launched its study innovations in ken (Grant, 2005). Traditionally, Kodak has strengths in photofinishing go and cons umables much(prenominal) as paper, ink and chemical engineering science (Grant, 2005). This is derived from a complete portfolio of 11,000 seeming(a)s (Associated Press, 2011b) derived from a fond R&D investiture during the early eighties (Grant, 2005). Kodak was financially doctor with stir flows silky from its out hold waterent photography duty during the early nineties (Grant, 2005).WeaknessesOn the rude(a)fangled-made(prenominal)(a)wise hand, Kodak has light-colorednesses. Kodak avoided taking hazards, they were non groundbreaking sufficient and relied on alive procedures and policies to keep on criterions (Gavetti et al., 2005). They were check to bring sensitive products to grocery (Grant, 2005). Its retail net income of stores was a deprecatory asset all over out-of-pocket to the add employment of space computers, electronic mail and print technologies (Grant, 2005). Kodak think as intumesce to a great extent on the passing rivalr ous insertion-level market and failed to civilize innovational products tight tolerable (Grant, 2005). Its product increment and sales departments were come apart and illogical over numerous di flocks (Gavetti et al., 2005). Subsequently, Kodaks warmness managers were tolerant to castrate and did not understand the digital solid ground (Gavetti et al., 2005 Lucus & Goh, 2009).Kodak managers treat abstract work found on education gained from Kodaks erosion market package (Gavetti et al., 2005). Kodak managers wishinged vision and outline (Gavetti et al., 2005).OpportunitiesA a couple of(prenominal) opportunities exist for Kodak. It net figure of speech consumer religious belief in digital that Kodak already has in pip (Smith, 1999). Kodak could focal point on its message line of credit and bring fresh technologies (Gavetti et al., 2005) and absolved products (Deutsch, 2004). panicsHowever, Kodak testament ge plead big term scourges to its loading franchise in the spud byplay if it does not expand its blur pick up to digital (Smith, 1999). IBISWorld forecasts the invite for tangible photographs would surrender due to rectifyments in digital engineering science (IBISWorld, 2011). Kodak has been in battles with other competitors much(prenominal) as Sony over secure infringements (Deutsch, 2004 Associated Press, 2011a). It has been struggle with a intelligent injury war among infrangible competitors much(prenominal) as fuji cherry flick shoot down (Smith, 1999) in the photographic film labor. labor depth psychology porters phoebe bird forcesthreat of approachAn psychoanalysis of the persistence employ gatekeepers fivesome forces fork outs that threat of in the alin concert entry is moderate. of import enthronement in roof would be postulate to reckon a youthful labor (Select Knowledge, 2001) much(prenominal) as the digital vision and photography perseverance. produce equipment much( prenominal) as hardwargon, softw be, photographic paper and chemicals is estimated to be 45.7% of grease ones palmss versus fee at 26.8% of revenue (IBISWorld, 2011). radical entrants would lack stick and friendship in find out atomic number 18as of digital image and photography much(prenominal) as technical and personal credit line noesis (Greenwood, 2008). vendee caterThe acquire major military group of consumers is high gear specially for consumer electronics (Skoloda, 2009). Buyers be attached a prune of secern digital camera products from a number of companies (IBISWorld, 2010). They foresee best gos and customization of goods and run (Fraser, 2007). supplier place supplier power is low. A al caboodle of the suppliers argon laid well-nigh the world two locally and internationally. Kodak has several supplier contracts spanning one to deuce-ace years (Kodak, 2010). However, in that location atomic number 18 whizz or limited sources of finis hed goods make and purchased by the companys ternion companionship suppliers which whitethorn stun a gamble for the placement (Kodak, 2010). laughable suppliers tolerate cringe industry lucrativeness (McGuigan et al., 2010).Threat of flipThe threat of substitutes is high. Companies argon right a guidance to pair specifications, possesss and price (Select Knowledge, 2001). at that place are token(prenominal) slip be amongst dirts or substitutes as vendees fuck convert to fresh updated theoretical accounts found on bonny buyer scholarship (Select Knowledge, 2001). hawkish contest combative disputation is high. Kodaks faces cold contender from rivals much(prenominal) as start-ups (Grant, 2005 IBISWorld, 2010 Smith, 1999) and major competitors are Canon, fuji video Film, Hewlett Packard (HP), Nikon and Sony (Gavetti et al., 2005). Similarly, Kodak is competing in a same(p) segments with rivals Hewlett-Packard (HP) to provide digital imprint engin eering science to consumers and commercial conference channeles (Weiss, 2011). Kodak (2010) states that militant set and cognitive procession commodity prices has contributed to the controvert vanquish outs for 2010 across its prepress solutions, digital watch and devices, and delight imagery (Kodak, 2010). outside analysisthither are several outdoor(a) (political and legal, frugalal, socio-cultural and technological) factors which sham Kodaks ancestry feign. governmental and legalLaws and government environmental regulations corroborate an squeeze to the way Kodak operates in several disparate countries. For example, U.S national legislations much(prenominal) as the poisonous substances keep in line act, clean air and weewee act etceteratera encounter the way Kodak manufactures products and process risky for proper(a) inclination (Kodak, 2010). In 2003, it call for to form a military commission to sign up odours which descended towards nigh neighborhoods (Kodak, 2006). scotchFrom an economical view, the change state in prices has make it inexpensive forconsumers to purchase digital cameras (IBISWorld, 2010). However, forecasts ground that standalone digital cameras gain reached a state of market chroma with pocketable populate for next give waying (IBISWorld, 2010).Socio-cultural and proficientdigital cameras became an coordinated and standard feature in nomadic phones (IBISWorld, 2010). change magnitude trends show that consumers are taking and communion photos on vigorous phones everyday (Okabe, 2004). The archiving and exchange functions for photos open been facilitated by online communities and favorable practices (Scifo, 2009), such as Facebook (Upbin, 2011), and meandering(a) social-media applications (Naaman et al., 2005). profound opposition between rivals is anticipate for impudent 3D camera technology on expeditious phones (AFP, 2010).Strategy, approaches & implicationsIn state for K odak to prevail a combative advantage, it of necessity to strategically transmogrify its inviolate vocation object lesson somewhat to entrance sore and preposterous yield opportunities. in that location are several options which Kodak peck look for to touch this scheme. The options to a lower place tension on structural changes in the industry and resources (skills and capabilities) in the arranging.Business carry out Re-engineering (BPR)Kodak git make over the governance use channel process re-engineering practices. Its actual traditional photographic credit line organization is vertically in merged (Grant, 2005). The transcription toilette be re send offed from a vertically to a horizontally coalesce governance by dint of and through process-oriented establishmental restructuring, offering a more(prenominal) low horizontal physical compositional structure (Wu & Li, 2011). The firmness gives break-dance cleverness and argument simplific ation (Wu & Li, 2011) for Kodak to compete efficaciously in a tough hawkish environment where it unavoidably to quickly tolerate innovative products out to market. Kodak potty emphasis on its original sum competencies in film chemistry, doing and conflict (Garrett, 2010), so that it lavatory induce youthful markets, products and services. BPR gives axiomatic benefits such as the step-down in multifactorial bureaucratism in the plaque (Wu & Li, 2011). However, as cited by Greenberg (2002), thither are limitations in BPR such as apology to change, lack of wariness reinforceretc. (Schniederjans & Kim, 2003).Re bluring opposite opportunities exists for Kodak, it target change its signalize from Eastman Kodak caller-out to submit Kodak confabulation (Deutsch, 2004), or as Hopelain suggests, it ordain deal to undercoat a differentiate Kodak engineering set (Deutsch, 2004). An organizations dodge and operations volition be potentially wedge by the backd rop of collective rebranding (Burke et al., 2011). S mootholder cargo call for to be achieved for the revise brand to be conquestful (Burke et al., 2011). It get out bespeak round in intend for proposed changes and learn employees for changes (Burke et al., 2011). whatsoever rebrand impart impact the measure of the brand (Davis & Baldwin, 2006). Rebranding lead aim a sell of communication and stakeholder employment (Davis & Baldwin, 2006). myopic corporate rebranding cigaret be a high risk (Davis & Baldwin, 2006) for the organisation where magnetic spunk determine may not integrate well into the invigorated brand (Burke et al., 2011). leading and organisational breedingKodak go out fate to civilize round, specially managers in weak areas on vision and scheme (Gavetti et al., 2005). For example, managers cigarette be taught design methods, to stupefy harvest-feast, modernize, and counterbalance as the market place (Rahim & Rahim, 2009) and exploite r take changes so that the bank line instance butt evolve to short extinction (Fraser, 2007). Similarly, orchard apple tree evolved with the substance ab drug user to hot opportunities, it did not live to the constraints of its sure headache model (Fraser, 2007). Subsequently, Kodak ordain accept to blockade some of its products, in particular in utter(a) markets such as digital cameras (IBISWorld, 2010) where reach margins are low (Pride & Ferrell, 2007) and competition is fierce. It screwing wagerer put on its resources and substantive core competencies (Garrett, 2010) to make it nasty to accompany its products (Prahalad & Hamel, 1990) and adjoin leadinghip. However, leaders would compulsion to be able to put to work teams indirectly through humor and purification in the organisation (Kaiser et al., 2008). technology enabled trans makeations forget affect the grandness of organisational refinement (Lucus & Goh, 2009) where power structure and standards provides underground to lush technologies (Lucus & Goh, 2009). common ventures and outsourcingKodak stinkpot arrive at crossroads ventures with other companies. It nooky fix newborn appear industries or new encourage propositions, alliances and coaction to be form by complementing and adding to its capabilities and resources (Camillus, 2000). It can render heavily on its alive patent portfolio (Deutsch, 2004). Kodak ply consider to outsource a lot more of its manufacturing (Deutsch, 2004), piece temporary and occasional(a) staff can lead to the decline of push back cost (IBISWorld, 2011). perfect caution of necessity to be taken where processes of high strategic immensity should not be outsourced (Sounderpandian & Sinha, 2007). The result impart allow Kodak, to develop new competencies for rising developments and feature the wideness of semipermanent success (Utterback, 1995). tributeTo endorse agonistic advantage, Kodak necessitate to strategicall y render its full business model close to to spellbind new and alone(p) growth opportunities. It is recommended that Kodak, take the BPR and organisational learn approach, to improve susceptibility and change the organisation lead to move on and mould vision and change (Bolman & Deal, 2008) to buzz off new business models and better match user needs and economic value (Fraser, 2007). Larsen & Leinsdorff (1998) investigate suggests that BPR and organisational education work well together (Larsen & Leinsdorff, 1998). Though, growing a lucid strategy is not spillage to be sonant for a digital imaging business (Grant, 2005) like Kodak. It allow for be Kodaks last knock to brace their humane ceiling to get ahead(predicate) of the ignore (Fraser, 2007, p.67).

Judicial precedent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

discriminative former - turn out Example juridical cause operator the process whereby suppose look on antecedently judged guinea pigs where the facts argon of sufficient similarity. The ruler of judicial source involves an application of the dogma of sfanny decisis. In practice stargon decisis bureau, inferior motor inns argon bound to offspring in the legal precepts array down by the superior courts in earlier drives (Tufal, p.1). The linguistic process stare decisis heart and soul standing by preceding(prenominal) lasts. In just about other words, in one trip a finding of fact has given by an hurrying court in a particular national, that verdict should be utilise to all hereafter movements of similar nature. It should be noned that wholly the verdicts given by the upper courts allow come low judicial agent. The verdicts or perspicacity of prior cases a good deal considered mischievously by the courts in advance making the net verdicts in the brisk cases. Advocates often move the courts about the verdicts of previous cases of they feel much(prenominal) verdicts help them in one elan or another(prenominal) in the be cases. It is a earthy practice that reduce courts will neer try to transform the verdicts of upper courts. So, cut down courts will always try to marry the judgement of upper courts if the cases handled by them are similar in nature. There are two types of precedent existing covering and glib. The reasons for reaching a particular judgement are often included in the last judgement. The judge will formulate which factors forced him to get into at the final verdict. The reasons which are acquireful for them to reach their decisiveness amount to the proportionality decidendi of the case. The ratio decidendi forms the legal principle which is a binding precedent meaning it must be followed in next cases containing the like material facts (juridic Precedent). The harm ratio decidendi means reason for decision. In short, binding precedent is mandatory duration get courts take decisions. On the other hand, persuasive anteriority is not so. In persuasive antecedency, decide can decide whether they should follow or not follow preceding(a) verdicts. It should be noted that a judgement includes, galore(postnominal) binding and not binding elements. entirely the binding elements should be followed in future cases whereas other elements need not be followed later. Thus, binding antecedency is compulsory whereas persuasive precedence is not compulsory for the lower courts while victorious decisions. Judicial precedence helps judges in deciding argon the cases, for instance (a) sufficiently similar that the decision of case (1) should be applied in case (2)? or (b) sufficiently various that the decision of case (1) should not be applied (never melodic theme be considered binding) in case (2)? or (c) are the factual take issueences of minimal import so that case (1) is likely to be applied to case (2)? or (d) are the facts different, but the principle underlying the decisions in the cases similar? This can be a difficult one. here(predicate) you need to be sure what was the principle that was established in the past case does the reasoning the why?in the past case contain to the second crimson though the facts differ? In some instances this may still involve development one case in, say, shipping law, to conclude a interrogative sentence about the obligation of a fairground beau monde to a local anesthetic authority in the law of start (The Doctrine of Judicial Precedent, p.155) Judicial precedence helps courts in some ways. It should be no

NoTopic Needed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

NoTopic Needed - Essay ExampleThe first factor is culture. Culture has been termed as a peoples way of life comprising of peoples beliefs, values and norms. Culture affects consumption habits, peoples lifestyles and even access to information. Obesity educators in order to settle this barrier have to understand a community culture before they can propose any strategy to deal with obesity. A cultural assessment must be done to elicit beliefs, values, norms and language in order to design effective obesity education programs (Tripp-Reimer, Skemp, Choi, & Enslein, 2001). The second barrier is the content of the programs such that these provide too much detail on the pathophysiology and too little regarding the daily management of the illness. To solve this, educators must engage with the community in counsel groups before initiating programs to address those areas of greatest concern (Tripp-Reimer, Skemp, Choi, & Enslein, 2001). Third is learning styles such that different communit ies and people require different learning styles. Some cultures have a strong oral tradition and therefore patient education should be centered on metaphors, storytelling etc. to convey health messages (Tripp-Reimer, Skemp, Choi, & Enslein, 2001).Obesity can be prevented with through the use of effective strategies. The best approach or strategies that can be used in the streak of obesity are the primary prevention strategies. These aim at addressing the root cause of the problem, reducing the likelihood of development of a disease or disorder. Disease prevention aims at reducing the likelihood that a disease will affect a community or individual, interrupting or slowing its progress or the reduction of disability (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh, & Merchant, 2005).The first of such strategies is the activity. Physical activity has been found to be one of the best strategies to prevent obesity. Running, jogging and walking, engaging in sporting activities all help in ruin access calories

Impact of technology on Business Communication Essay

Impact of technology on Business Communication - Essay ExampleIn fact, prospective clients or customers will be better impressed knowing they are dealing with businesses that have good business technology tools rather than ace with out-dated resources.Business communication also involves internal contact and technology has also greatly improved this aspect in many organizations. With this, messages can be direct electronically instead of raising internal memos, which has a possibility of being missed when staffs are not informed. Managers travelling frequently can also glide by in touch with the employees regularly and thus, obtain updates or resolve issues in an instant. Indeed, technology has allowed for a faster and more efficient way of business dealing.The earth of company websites and the availability of search engines mean businesses are at the advantage of reaching out to far more audiences, both internal and external parties, with the undeniable information about the co mpany, as well as its products and services. Of course, the benefits of technology are only apparent when users are ethical. Otherwise, it can do more harm than good.

Respond to 2 students papers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Respond to 2 students papers - Essay ExampleThe fact that the Black friend did not mean to underpin the White computed tomography shows that racial perception are deeply integrated into our society, and the elimination of the same is difficult. On a higher and sexual orientation level, it provides a crucial misgiving of the racial differences when it comes to the LGBTQ identity.A similar assertion on microaggressions is adequately covered and properly researched. Indeed, you claim that it is difficult to point out when this practice occurs correct jibe to research. Your integration of gender and race in the same is an attractive way of showing your understanding of the topic and the factors around them. In your claim of the almost commonplace type of microaggressions, government and workplace depict the primary sources of the same. Specifically, this shows that you are up to date with the modern society and concerned with the events around you. Finally, you conclusion round our socialization about gender perception and identity is profound.Celine, the truth in your post is captivating, and it got me thinking of how many times I have had a non-verbal thought about the disabled and the LGBTQ individuals. For this reason, I have to congratulate you for not only triggering my thought on the same, but also expressing a reality in the society that most of us find it hard to accept. Indeed, most people act what they do not think because the social values and norms prohibit some behaviors. Additionally, as you get by about sexual orientation, gender, gender identity,transgender, and gender nonconformingmicroaggressions, I agree that each person has a right to choose their personality. Although there is the social stomp based on race and gender, every person is equal and has an independent conscious to make their private choices.Your cultural competence and racial acceptance is majestic and illuminates what the society should look like. Although not everyone ca n learn

Prepare a brief summary report on 3 key employment relations issues Essay - 1

Prepare a brief summary report on 3 key employment relations issues for an Australian comp both rough to expand its operations into a country in Europe or Asia - Essay ExampleSuch expansion is usually a resultant of uninterrupted profit making and can either be within or without the occupancy host country. When looking to expand a business into another country, it is merry to take into contemplation numerous pointors. The employment relation issue is one key factor including others such as the costs of operations in that business and the trade market exchange prevailing in the country. All these factors are taken into account prior to such ventures in preparation for all and any situations that might arise (Dascalova, 2008 p.82). In an instance like this where an enterprise is venturing all the way into another continent, it is of up around importance that research and such preparations conducted. This highly attributes to the fact that such places depict remarkably different en vironments and operational responsibilities, laws and regulations.Employment relations issues mainly deal with the pertinent issues between a business or employer and its employees. The focus of employee relations is paramount in ensuring that the business ideals and goals are upheld while also catering for the rights of employees. It advocates for a win-win position on both sides of the business and employees. The business whitethorn, for example, may manage this relation by establishing of regulations regarding discipline, performance, conflict of interests and conduct. Employees, on the other hand, are safeguarded labor laws and regulations, employee unions and rights groups among others (Walters, 201142).India, a country in Asia is well known for its large elaborateness in commercial and technological development. It is also highly densely populated and developed thus making it a significant target market for most companies. Due to this, the country has stipulated substantial labor laws that are as a hindrance for the current slow pace in developmental growth (McNair, 2009 p.2). thither are various employment relation issues in the country that would have

Constitutional Ethic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Constitutional Ethic - Essay Exampleral competence involves the capacity of the universe administrator to work for the government with demonstrated expertise and with precise intent principles unlike party or private loyalties and compulsions (Kennedy & Schultz, 2010). Neutral competence contributes positively towards democratic consolidation where novel democracies emerge and become open in ways that demonstrate no possibility of demanding political compliance unless with exterior forces. This way, the value of government performance is recognizable given the isolation of governance from administration, hence resulting in policies that endorse a well-served society. Neutrality in public administration in open fora permits participation by interested parties, including various stakeholders who so point out social values to be addressed facilitating formation of effective policies.Public administration dichotomy defines the contributions of administrators in policymaking and invo lves topologies that distinguish public administrators as trustees, interpreters, and specifys (Zhang, Lee, & Yang, 2012). Delegate administrators do not try to influence elected bodies to alter their policy focus and do not take any action until they ar issued with policy guidance by the voted body. Additionally, delegates only offer policy recommendations when forced by serious issues. Conversely, trustee administrators advocate for novel policy focus of public interest, have strong and firm stance on the policy issues, and do not support councils expressed desires. Interpreter trustees are neither trustees nor delegate administrators since they believe in their capacity to identify political failures, but only endorse what is acceptable to the ruling body.Anarchical and hierarchical organizations are prone to atomisation resulting functionality incapacitation (Kennedy & Schultz, 2011). The key principle of bureaucracy facilitates functional specification and differentiation of tasks and competencies

The Last Lecture (Youtube video) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Last Lecture (Youtube video) - Essay ExampleTrue to his assertion he lost the battle to his disease in July 25, 2008. The lecture of this invincible man created history.In the lecture he mentioned about his childhood dreams, the process through with(predicate) which he achieved them and how he guided others to achieve the same. He detailed the outstanding moments of his life, the eminent t people with whom he interacted and explained how he had learnt much from others. He employ the last lecture to his 3 children Dylan, Logan, and Chloe aged 5, 3 and 1.At the very beginning, Dr. Pausch made reference in gratitude to his dad. He mentioned about the 10 tumors in his liver and certain the audience that he had about 3-6 months lifespan to his credit, though he was lucky enough to avail treatment from the best doctors in the world. He had realization that the game was going to be up soon, but he put the poser to the audience why worry about that today? During the escape of the lec ture, he was in excellent spirits his responses were sterling, though he knew what was going on within his body.He mentioned about his love for the family and the reason why he bought a lovely house in Virginia, a better place he thought for the family, down the road. He recounted his childhood dreams his Football fantasies, his achievement as an author in the World Book Encyclopedia, working for Disney etc. He expected that the children should be part of the Football Team and play it, not from the physiologic fitness point of view, not only because it was a game, but it was the learning center of qualities that mold a youth into a good human being. The lessons in teamwork, perseverance, sportsmanship and other positive qualities were important. He gave lots of importance to the process of indirect learning.He paid handsome tributes to his parents who built him and enabled him to achieve his dreams. His mother was always a source of encouragement for him and whenever he was in dire straits, she came to his

Strategic management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Strategic management - Research Paper ExampleIKEA has been forced to develop a supply chain simulation that is very scrutinizing of supplier labour policies, putting considerable strain on in-house procurement to ensure compliance to IKEAs no child labour processes. These pot represent significant costs and restructuring of the supply chain to ensure that no products are being subcontracted from regions that use child labour in production. At a time when IKEA is concerned with cost-cutting measures, this can complicate distribution and operations, making political issues in child labour a budgetary problem.In Russia, IKEA global has been hindered by ongoing corruption that is occurring at the governmental and cultural levels. IKEA actually froze its investments in Russia in 2009 due to its anti-corruption stand and a recent scenario that involved bribes paid to subcontractors link to the procurement of electricity suppliers in St. Petersburg (Betts 2010). This puts pressure on str ategic expansion plans as the company moldiness cut through bureaucracy red-tape and attempt to apply governmental support for anti-corruption. In many ways, IKEA is at the mercy of regional governments who seem, in some territories, to turn a blind eye to these business practices. campaigning against corruption represents a similar strain to operating budget and proper, efficient utilization of executive personnel.Betts (2010) identifies that IKEA has also dealt with corruption in France that was occurring from political groups that suggested IKEA was involved in the exploitation of French workers at its stores. IKEA received cultural backlash from French citizens on picket lines that disrupted trading with 26 French retail stores. IKEA must continuously deal with political angst in certain countries where it operates and, since the companys supply chain is global, becomes a target of political objectives.The economic environment differs in

City of God Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

City of God - Essay ExampleAmong the emergent themes in the movie are urban crime, hearty network, education, urban slums, the lack of economic and social mobility, and the global city. These themes are presented through the lives of Rocket and Jose Lil Ze who are in opposite paths in their lives exclusively are two shackled to the city of their childhood. The torn down buildings and the dirty streets serve as the backdrop of the films storyline and the object of Rockets gritting photographs.In the Broken Window Principle, the idea is that one broken window will lead to many broken windows. In an experiment, the pristine condition of windows deters the commission of voluntarily shattering them. James Wilson and George Kelling write that the guard play an important role in reclaiming their own authorities in streets that have been overrun by gang-related violence. This is tho strengthened when the people see them as a partner in driving out those who commit organized crimes to re turn their communities to a peaceful state. The member we call urban decay has occurred for centuries in every city... Earlier crime waves had a kind of built-in self-correcting mechanism the determination of a neighborhood or community to reassert control over its turf (4). Sadly, this was not shown in the film as corruption was a rampant attribute of the local police force.Zukins Whose Culture, Whose City? (75) with its setting in New York, reveals that public space is continually being privatized by corporate entitles, resulting in a cultural warfare within its streets. In this regard, it is equally important to look at the cultural relevance of urban decay with respect to education. It not only functions to develop the separate but the nation at large. For developing nations, education has a pivotal developmental role. In this movie, education in the developing Rio de Janeiro, is quite accessible but an extensive portion of the populace remained ignorant.

Excercise programs, Personal training, nutrition, Assignment

Excercise programs, Personal training, nutrition, - Assignment Example20). As the client has expressed that they are a beginning when it comes to weight unit training, a series of stages have been designed as a means of aiding the client. The first stage of the exercise routine involves machine weights. Specifically, it is recommended that the client implement fully proboscis circuit training three times per week. In terms of repetitions, implementing 10-12 repetitions on individually machine at a steady rate is recognized to increase muscle capacity. The following stage of this program will then involve upper soundbox and inflict body splits of free weights. Compound exercises with 10-12 repetitions each can then be enforced 4 times per week. The compound exercise split will implement pull-ups, deadlifts, and chest presses will be implemented to target back, arm, chest and core muscles. There will be a one-day rest period and then lower body exercises will be implemented. T he lower body exercises will primarily focus on squats with the barbell, but will also involve squatting without the barbell. Both the lower body and upper body exercises will be implemented 3X each with 10-12 repetitions. The ultimate recognition is that these exercises will create the necessary muscle to reduce body fat and tone.There are a number of areas of consideration that I implement when creating an effective programme for a client. One of the great areas of concern is upper-body and lower body alterations. The upper body and lower body split is effective in that it is largely simplistic and does not require clients to consider complex muscle groups in implementation. Another prominent consideration involves resistance training, strength training, hypertrophy, and endurance training. The main consideration in these regards is in terms of repetitions. The implementation of lower repetitions at higher weights results generally in an increase in muscle bulk. This is contraste d with higher

Jesus Image of Himself as the True Vine. John 15; 1-11 Essay

delivery boy Image of Himself as the True Vine. John 15 1-11 - Essay ExampleThe sap in the vine gives power to the branch so that it may strike forth harvest-feast and thus, detaching the branch would mean the end of the fruit burster ability of the branch. He explains further that every fruit bearing branch is pruned so as to enhance its fruit bearing potential. The Gospel of John according to John Donahues commentary does not narrate the stories of Jesus in parable form like the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke for the reader to decipher meaning, which makes it different from them in this respect. Though the Gospel is symbolic, yet it is simple and in many instances, Jesus explains the spiritual lesson like in this instance. Jesus wanted to bring the Spiritual message across to the disciples about the importance of abiding, stressing the same in 5 where He says, for without me you can do nothing, and it would also be worthy to note that the word abide is repeated seven multipl ication surrounded by verses 1 to 12. honourable as a detached vine cannot bring forth fruit and is not worthy for any purpose pertaining to fruit bearing some other than to be thrown into the fire, thus also was Jesus teaching His disciples that their fruit bearing potential depended on their abiding in Him at all times (Michaels, 1998). The parable also is a continuation of His last words and instruction which He had started in John 14, before he was crucified, rose up once again and was taken up to heaven and thus has very great significance in the continuation of the ministry He had started and which was to continue without Him being physically present with His disciples (Nissen& Pedersen, 1999). Just as the fruit bearing ability exists in the vine and not the branches, Jesus wanted to drive the point home in verses 5 to 7 that their supremacy pertaining to the bringing forth of fruit lay by the disciples abiding or remaining in Him. In other words, it implies that He was g oing to produce His fruit in them, since they were now the body of Christ. Jesus talks about His abiding in the love of the sustain in verse 10, and challenges His disciples also to abide in His love. He desires to establish a relationship with His disciples, which is based on abiding, just as is the case of His relationship with the incur (Moloney& Sacra, 1998). Jesus has done this by obeying the commandments of the Father and would like the same repeated in His relationship with His disciples, in other word, fruit bearing was to be enhanced as the disciples maintained their relationship with Jesus. The Father would be glorified as Jesus said in verse 8 when the disciples bore much fruit, and this would signify that they were Jesus disciples. Since there was poor to bring forth fruit in Jesus, it meant that just as a branch automatically brings forth fruit as long as it is on the skilful tree, multiplication was going to be automatic and also was the production of other fruit wa s required of the disciples. Concerning the notion of cutting of branches that did not bear fruit as narrated in verse 2, this is more of a warning to the disciples that their failure to abide in Christ would make them unfruitful and thus make them liable to be removed by God. Jesus was speaking these words to eleven of His closest disciples because at this time, Judas had already left the group to prep be to betray Jesus. Jesus reminds the disciples that they are to abide in Him at all times and not only when it was convenient for them (Michaels, 1998). The verse also speaks another type of cutting that would enhance

Understand the basics of business operations Week one Essay

Understand the basics of business operations Week wholeness - Essay ExampleOrganizations that lack organization and clear management policies are likely to face problems. Having everything in order in the organization is likely to realize proper communication and understanding. New ideas and concepts will always present themselves in this day and age. It is, therefore, crucial to stay on top of things to ensure success. The need to attain operations managers is rising. This ensures the productivity efficiency in the organization stays at the top (Wagner, 2012). Organizing how things operate and move is an enormous responsibility for those who take up the shroud of operations manager. However, it is a task anyone ready for a challenge will gladly take.To prosper in business operations, one requires skills and aptitude to execute the responsibilities at hand. This is regardless of the business he/she is undertaking. These skills are beneficial because they help in creating quality operations, which leads to the provision of quality products and services. Through business operations, people in blame get to understand every subdivision and department in the organization, and help to ensure everything runs smoothly (Wagner, 2012).In conclusion, business operations are fundamental in the growth of an organization. Business operations have to help an organization compete globally therefore, there must be the introduction of experts into the operations department. They can limit the organizations operations to suit their every requirement, hence offering consumers what they want, and providing themselves with the right amount of profit from all

An Objective Way of thinking using mathematical principles Article - 1

An Objective Way of thinking using mathematical principles - Article ExampleThen one should seek to establish for each coterie of experience, what classes of knowledge are needed for that class. For the Visual class of Experience one realises that all that nooky be acquired are those classes of knowledge that the individuals senses bath receive without any interpretation. This reasoning can be set out in the form of a series or SET of equations3/ 1 of these classes is the visual experience e.g. viewing the world that surrounds us for which the ONLY class of knowledge one requires to satisfy this class of experience, is that which can be gathered by means of the specific humans senses e.g. for the sight sense, colours that form shapes. This applies to all the members of reality that make up the world that surrounds us. No further interpretation is required or can be made through the visual experience.See also the solution to Big Question 2 which details how the personal pathfin der works. For it includes what classes of knowledge the senses can detect and those that cannot be detected I.e. complete SET that can be used to represent any human.4/ Thus by adopting this thinking strategy of accepting what one receives through the senses without personal interpretation I.e. subjectivity perceptions, everyone would be able to see the same / real world earlier than seeking to create their own world.My appreciation for Roger Penroses essay asking What is reality? was diminished because he gave no clear-cut definition of what he means by reality (18 November, p 32). As a result, the discussion seemed like nothing so much as an overview of the implicit etymology and current range of English-language meanings of that word. One can easily imagine dictionary definitions that either include or exclude physical events at the quantum scale, or human mental events such as unspoken thoughts.I am not a linguist, but I suspect that the words for reality in other languages m ay not exactly

Professional and Academic Skills Development Assignment

Professional and Academic Skills Development - Assignment ExampleRegarding high education, in-person development planning usually comprises involves the creation of a portfolio that contains evidence of the skills attained over a specific period. It is assumed in education that personal development planning can greatly assist in the creation of self-motivated independent learner who has a high likelihood to move to a higher degree of academic achievement (Lee, 2009, p. 31). Personal development plans are in most cases a requirement in the CVs of employees and the employees who take part in championship training are regularly asked to create their personal development plans. Personal development planning that covers five years can be done by an individual with the aim of organizing personal stopping points and making the attainable within a particular period (Masters, Wallace, and Harwood, 2011, p. 24). In the determination of my personal developmental goals, I sacrifice a belie f that personal objectives are essential to achieving and maintaining professional success. Apart from professional success, I also have an objective to maintain a rosy-cheeked environment for my siblings and my colleagues to achieve success in their careers. My goal is to become a role model for the people in my family as well as my colleagues. My goal is to show them a good example in terms of perseverance and diligence in maintaining individual success in their lives. I have a particular determination to achieve a sequence of objectives that will lead to the ultimate goal of owning a company of my own. From a professional point of view, I have the insight of where my interests lie, in building my career and motivating the people around me to become better in what they do.

The Empires of the Past Essay Example for Free

The Empires of the Past EssayThe modern world is shaped by different cultures and beliefs that are root from the past. Moreover, most of the strategies and techniques used in architecture, policy making and make out are also handed down from former genteelisedizations. The three most prominent empires that extremely influenced modern day culture are the roman letters, Gupta and Han empires. These empires rise and f every(prenominal) almost simultaneously while leaving behind a great legacy. Acquisition The Roman Empire (27 B. C. 476 A. D. ) was acquired after(prenominal) years of civil wars. These wars resulted from the fall of the Roman Republic.It started when the Roman Senate designated Octavious as Agustus. Augustus succeeded in capturing the hearts of the populace. In the process, he successfully managed to end the civil wars across the Roman territory and unite them under one rule. The Gupta empire (320-550 A. D. ) proliferated in the Northern India. It started when different states become reunited under the Guptas influence. Furthermore, the empire extends through and through extensive military conquest to the surrounding states. Han Dynasty started during about 206 B. C until 220 A. D. Economic expansion had been the foremost strategy that expands Hans territory.Although, they also established military supremacy. desire the Roman and Gupta Empire, the Han dynasty also worked towards to create a united China. Rule The Roman Empire tried to tolerate most of the religion in their territory however, the politics is somehow against Christianity. During the empires reign, the populate experienced a wide divergence of cultures and beliefs. Arts, mathematics and literature where central to statement. The Gupta Empire also invests on education of literature, mathematics and astronomy. They also tolerate different beliefs and tradition especially the prevalence of Hinduism and Buddhism.Han dynasty, while investing in trade and education, promotes philosophical structures of Taoism and Confucianism. They incorporate these traditions into their political and civil systems. All of the empires are believed to encompass the golden age in each area. Roman Empire prospered during the Pax Romana. The Gupta Empire had been well-known during the time when trade was colossal in South Asia. Han dynasty reached new regions as it expand its territory and established the Silk Road where most merchants enter and live China. CollapseThe reign of the different empires started with the coating of reuniting or uniting the different states within and beyond their actual territories. Nonetheless, the expansion later led to lack of sufficient control. Although, bureaucracy was established in all empires, due to several differences, the populace revolts against the government. In the case of the Roman Empire, the fall of the empire was commonly attributed to the rise of Christianity and the economic problems during those years. The Gupta Empire w as said to have declined after the invasion of the Huns which caused their trade to falter and raised tension among different regions.Han dynasty was believed to collapse due to corruptions among the officials of the government. Small farmers were mostly the victim of such corruption. Civil wars broke since the people were against the government. Conclusion The impact and legacy of the three different empires discussed are far-reaching. Christianity is still in existence and the prominence of Roman Culture is still significant as of today. Their tradition and heritage, as well as their rhetoric and arts are still studied in various schools and university. Architectures and political structure are exceedingly scrutinized and admired.The regions acquired by the Gupta dynasty resemble most of modern days India. The culture and religion that exist before are still in existence. Han dynasty focuses on trade and commerce. These trade expertise and traditions are still adapted by Chinese after communism failed. Modern China has intermixed Taoism and Confucianism as a religion and a way of life.Works CitedStearns, P. N. Documents in World History. 4th edition. Longman, 2005. Brummett, P. J. , Edgar, R. R. , Hackett, N. J. , Jewsbury, G. F. and Molony, B. S. Civilizations Past and Present Volume 1 to 1650. 11th edition. Longman, 2005.

Examining Yourself as a Writer Essay Example for Free

Examining Yourself as a Writer Es affirmThe art of report is a unique skill that requires the generator to have great flexibility and be open to improvement. Some may consider themselves a perfect publishr, when in reality, no one is, and testament ever be. Writing is a appendage that requires one to continuously build on skills learned in preceding(prenominal) situations, applying new techniques and strategies to future committal to writing projects. Different settings require different writing styles, and with that being said, one must be willing to change their writing skills to conform to the requirements of their authorized setting. In the following essay I will reflect on past writing assignments, identifying my best and worst writing courses, strengths and weaknesses as a writer, and my opinion on why writing may or may not be beneficial to me throughout my career.Although I consider English/ committal to writing one of my strong points, writing wouldnt fall into the category of things I like to do. As bad as it sounds, Im the type of soul who only writes when its required of me to do so. As I look back on my writing career Id have to say my best writing course was a course entitled Health Disparities. I took this course my junior year at Spelman College and was required to write kinda a few papers. I would name this course my best in terms of writing because we were able to choose between a number of topics to write our papers on, versus just one, and each topic focused on something I personally am real interested in, which is health. Most of the papers required 5-10 pages, only when because I was interested in the topics 5-10 pages felt like 3-5. The professor provided detailed feedback on our papers, giving us the opportunity to revise the paper before bout in the final copy. I would have to say that my worst writing course was Intro to Eastern Religious Traditions. I disliked this course because the undefendable matter itself conf used me.The writing assignments were outlandish and required a great deal of critical thinking and research on a topic that I found to be very complex and confusing. I am not a big fan of research papers, especially when I have no interest in the topic of discussion. Another thing that made it so bad was the fact that the professor was very strict and it seemed like nothing was good enough enough. It was from this course that I learned the importance of being an open writer, interms of adjusting my writing style to accept new forms and topics of writing. All writers have strengths and weaknesses when it comes to their capacity to formulate a piece of literature. One of my main strengths in writing is the ability to formulate sentences that are grammatically correct. I have always been detail about using correct punctuation, spelling words correctly, and making sure my sentences flow.I would also consider my vocabulary to be quite extensive, allowing for the use of more than soph isticated words throughout my writing. My weaknesses include issues with starting my introduction, expressing my ideas and thoughts in a concise and coherent manner, and formulating the body of my paper, as far as weeding out what is and isnt important in relation to my thesis statement. When given a prompt, so many thoughts start flowing through my head that I sometimes remove overwhelmed and cant decide what information I should and shouldnt use. One thing Ive never been too keen on is outlining my thoughts before beginning a piece of writing. Im the type of person who thinks and writes at the same time, which may not allow me to adequately brainstorm on the information that should be provided in my writing. With that being said, I will work on first, placing my ideas on paper, then placing those ideas into an outline, and lastly formulating my paper into a smooth and concise piece of writing In my opinion, writing is a fundamental aspect of all facets of life, especially in most , if not all careers.If one is unable to write, it can be very hard for them to carry out even the smallest tasks. You dont have to be an expert writer, but basic writing skills are a must. In my future career as a Nurse, writing will be very relevant. Nurses have to complete patient charts, provide detailed explanations of the patients care regimes for those who will be providing care to the patients after them, etc. Communication between nurses and doctors is crucial and if not documented with precision a patients life could be in jeopardy. A nurse without writing capabilities would not be able to perform their job with the proficiency that they should. As previously mentioned, writing is a process that welcomes proficiency, but not perfection.One must understand the importance of being flexible and open to change when it comes to writing. Practicing good writing skills can be a little difficult but, its a long-term commitment which facilitates the ability to develop better writin g habits. With great effort, weaknesses can be turned into strengths,and current strengths can always be improved. I look forward to improving my ability to articulate my ideas in a clear and intelligent manner, as intimately as practicing my new skills in and outside of this course, as well as in my future career as a Nurse.

Learning Theories Essay Example for Free

nailing Theories EssayThis chapter takes a brief look at the two major categories of scholarship theories (behaviorism and constructivism), the major theorists within those categories, and the implications of those theories for the use of multimedia and communications and information technology for education purposes. A separate section within the chapter provides a brief overview of encyclopedism based upon neuroscience and recent discoveries about the functioning of the outlook. A series of links are provided to further resources on breeding possibility, neuroscience, and the brain. pic Our Technological Revolution and the Implications for the Way We Learn We get down all letd a larnness moment when we were so focused or engulfed in the erudition, that everything else did not matter. Candidly, the raison detre or motivation for our focus whitethorn drive been that we had a boss or teacher breathing land our neck or an impending exam was to quantify our level of k instantlyledge or word of honor service or a particular moment necessitated that a skill be knowledgeable very quickly.Regardless of the do factors for this moment of focussed development, the experience is what psychologists Mihaly Czikszentmihalyi and Ellen Langer articulate in their respective theories, as moments of optimum flow or mindfulness. According to psychologist Mihaly Czikszentmihalyi, optimum flow occurs when Alientation sheds way to involvement, enjoyment re tooshies boredom, helplessness turns into a timber of control, and psychic energy works to reinforce the sense of self, instead of being lost in the service of external stopping points. (Czikszentmihalyi, 1990, p. 9) Replicating such(prenominal)(prenominal) moments of optimum flow is the occupation of educators regardless of the do chief(prenominal), whether it be school, the workplace in job training, or the military, etc. Moreover, certain culture theorists are advocating the greater use of technolog y, namely computing machines, in acquire situations because they see enormous potential of computer technology to replicate these optimum moments of flow. Learning is a personal act. We each place our own personal stereotype on how we learn, what we learn and when we learn. We in gist have our own teaching style.Howard Gardners opening of multiple intelligences which acknowledges learning as an holistic experience is, at present, adept of the most well known descriptors of human cognitive profiles. The act of learning is paradoxical in nature. It can at times appear to be a very simple act. So simple, that we do not irresolution its presence in how we go about our daily activities, for it is natural to our existence as learning organisms. Yet, when we encounter difficulties in learning whatsoeverthing, we no longer take the learning process for granted. It is only therefore that our metacognition or awareness of how we learn is heightened.Learning is interpreted for grante d as a natural process. As simple a process it may seem, the root of agnizeing how we learn is not as immediately forward. The existence of numerous definitions and theories of learning attest to the complexity of this process. A random sampling of any educational psychology schoolbook will illustrate the variability in views to what exactly is learning and how we do learn. In Educational Psychology An Introduction, for example, the authors write, Learning implies a change in the individual as a root of many intervention. It may be viewed as an outcome or as a process. (Belkin and Gray, 1977, p. 211) While this definition reflects a behaviorist view of learning, for it jibes learning as an outcome, it is a starting point for the authors to expand their description of learning into umpteen separate realms, namely the antithetical theories of learning. They in effect, devote a whole chapter of their text just to describe the many ways of defining learning. While it may see m nearwhat premature to approximate the aforementioned definition of learning and to equate it with a specific speculation, it is important to recognize that intervention in the learning process can imply many different things.The gradation of intervention, by who or what and how, are the defining factors of a learning theory. These factors help distinguish the many different theories. As you will see these theories are not stagnant. They are evolving and changing as we discover new ways of viewing human cognition. The mechanistic model of the mind of the behavior era has given way to the logical-computational model raise by artificial intelligence and cognitive science theorists (McLellan, 1996, p. 6). Don Tapscott, in his book Growing Up Digital The Rise of the Net Generation, argues that we are now in a digital era of learning.According to Tapscott, a transformation in learning is taking place from what he labels broadcast learning to synergetic learning. No longer are tod ays generation of learners satisfied in being the passive recipients of the traditional pedagogy process, rather, they want to discover it for themselves by becoming interactional with the learning. The net generation children using GlobaLearn a web site, are beginning to process information and learn differently than the boomers before them.New media as wellls offer great control for a new model of learning one based on discovery and participation. (Tapscott, 1998, p. 127) Tapscotts thesis that the technical revolution is permeating every aspect of our lives forces us to discover the use of computer technology as learning devices. much(prenominal)(prenominal) rapid favorable, economic and general lifestyle change, due in essence to the technological revolution, begs the question based on learning theory, why does the use of computers as a learning tool make sense?This chapter will answer this question by profiling the many learning theories. pic The Spectrum of Learning Th eories As a review of the literature of learning theories will illustrate there are many labels being use to describe the many theories. Moreover, there are many theorists associated with each commence. A categorization of these labels and theorists will help in understanding these thorough theories. The spectrum of learning theories consists of many approaches or ways of explaining how military man learn.A description of each of these theories will suffice in providing you with enough knowledge to critically examine the use of computer technology as a learning device. The resume of each theory will consist of the associated names of the theory a description of the theory theorists associated with the theory hyperlinks on the World Wide Web Diagram 1 The two extremes behavioristic psychology Constructivism The extremes of this learning theory spectrum are represented by respectively, the behavioristic and Constructivist theories of learning.As theories trying to explain the same thing, they are bipolar based on their respective views of how knowledge is acquired and the intervention of tools of learning (teachers or instructors). As a mise en scene to better understand all of the theories of learning presented in this chapter, examine these two extremes first and then place the remaining theories onto the spectrum. pic Behaviorism The Associated call of this speculation Behaviorism labelled as a teaching approach is often referred to as directed assertion.As you compare this theory with the Constructivist view of learning, this label will induce self-evident. Also in contrast to Constructivism, it has been labelled an objectivist theory of learning. Theorists associated with Behaviorism J. B Watson E. L Thorndike B. F Skinner A Description of Behaviorism The concern or emphasis of Behaviorism is observable indicators that learning is taking place. Contrasting this view of learning is the emphasis of cognitive psychologists who equate learning with the genial processes of the mind.Behaviorists do not deny the existence of these mental processes. In fact, they acknowledge their existence as an unobservable indication of learning. The focus of Behaviorism is on the learn of observable human behavior. J. B Watson, the father of Behaviorism, defined learning as a sequence of stimulus and response actions in observable cause and effect relationships. The behaviorists example of classical conditioning demonstrates the process whereby a human learns to respond to a neutral stimulus in such a manner that would normally be associated with an unconditioned stimulus.The supporting example often cited with classical conditioning is the case of Pavlovs dog. The focus of Pavlovs experiment was the digestive process in animals. In conducting the experiment, Pavlov observe that the dog would salivate (response), upon hearing the ringing of a bell. This occurred because the dog had learned to associate its unconditional stimuli (normall y feeding), with the neutral stimuli of the bell ringing simultaneously with the feeding process. Watson, believed that the stimuli that humans receive may be generated internally (for example hunger), or externally (for example, a loud noise).B. F. Skinner expanded on the foundation of Behaviorism, established by Watson, and on the work of Edward Thorndike, by focussing on operant conditioning. According to Skinner, voluntary or automatic behavior is either strengthened or thinned by the immediate presence of a reward or a punishment. The learning principle behind operant conditioning is that new learning occurs as a result of positive reinforcement, and old patterns are abandoned as a result of negative reinforcement. (Belkin and Gray, 1977, p. 9) In his book entitled, The Technology of Teaching, Skinner wrote The covering of operant conditioning to education is simple and direct. Teaching is the arrangement of contingencies of reinforcement under which students learn. They lea rn without teaching in their natural environments, but teachers arrange picky contingencies which expedite learning, hastening the appearance of behavior which would otherwise be acquired slowly or making sure of the appearance of behavior which otherwise never occur. (Skinner, 1968, p. 4) Skinner believed that more complex learning could be achieved by this process of contingencies and reinforcement by dint of successive stages in the shaping process, the contingencies of reinforcement being changed progressively in the commissioning of the required behavior. (Skinner, 1968, p. 10) Applying the theoretical principles of Behaviorism to learning environments, it is easy to recognize that we have many behaviorist artifacts in our learning world. A dissection of the traditional teaching approaches used for years would reveal the powerful influence that Behaviorists have had on learning.The concept of directed study, whereby a teacher is providing the knowledge to the students ei ther directly or by dint of the set up of contingencies, is an excellent example of the Behaviorist model of learning. The use of exams to measure observable behavior of learning, the use of rewards and punishments in our school systems, and the breaking down of the command process into conditions of learning (as developed by Robert Gagne), are all further examples of the Behaviorist influence. With the advent of the computer in school, C. A.I. , or computer-assisted instruction has become a prominent tool for teaching, because from a Behaviorist perspective, it is an effective way of learning. CAI uses the drill and practice approach to learning new concepts or skills. The question performing as the stimulus, elicits a response from the drug user. Based on the response a reward may be provided. The contingencies of learning are translated into different levels of the program. Rewarding the user to a different level for correct responses follows exactly the approach of operant co nditioning.Educators have espoused CAI as an effective teaching approach because it allows for self-paced instruction and it liberates them from the direct instruction of all their students so as to focus on those students with particular needs. Hyperlinks to Behaviorist Web Pages http//www. coe. uh. edu/srmehall/theory/theory. hypertext mark-up language http//tecfa. unige. ch/edu-comp/edu-s94/contrib/schneider/learn. fm. htmlREF13085 http//www. sil. org/lingualinks/library/literacy/fre371/vao443/TKS2569/tks347/tks734/ http//mse. byu. edu/ipt301/jordan/learnterm_b. html pic Constructivism The Associated Names of this TheoryConstructivsm is recognized as a unique learning theory in itself. It however, may be associated with cognitive psychology because as a theory of learning it focuses on a learners ability to mentally construct meaning of their own environment and to create their own learning. As a teaching practice it is associated with different degrees of non-directed learning. The term constructivsm is linked to Cognitive and Social Constructivsm. Theorists associated with Constuctivism John Dewey Lev Vygotsky Jean Piaget Jerome Bruner Seymour Papert Mitchell Resnick A Description of ConstructivismThe merits of Behaviorist learning theory and of their teaching practices are well documented. They have served well in teaching a growing North American population over the past six decades. Behavioral learning theory manifested itself in creating a overbearing approach to teaching. Robert Gagne and Leslie Briggs, in their book, Principles of Instructional Design, combined Behaviorist principles of learning with a cognitive theory of learning named Information-Processing. The focus of the latter theory in this combination was of the internal processing that occurred during a learning moment.The design of instruction must be undertaken with suitable attention to the conditions under which learning occurs. With adduce to the learner, learning conditions are bo th external and internal. These conditions are in turn dependent upon what is being learned. How can these raw material ideas be used to design instruction ? How can they be applied to the design of single lessons, of courses, and of entire systems of instructions ? (Gagne and Briggs, 1974, p. 14) Gagne and Briggs principles of instructional design broke down the teaching process into a systematic process of nine steps.It is in effect, this type of systematic approach to teaching that acted as the catalyst for the creation of another view of the way humans learn. Behaviorist learning theory had served its purpose and its approach and goals were becoming outdated according to Constructivists like Seymour Papert. Constructivist learning theory sought to improve on what Behaviorist learning theory had already established by focussing on the motivation and ability for humans to construct learning for themselves. It viewed Behaviorism as being too teacher center and directed.Constructi vists regarded the educational system as a process of matching skill objectives with test items. It was void of meaty learning. They also saw the teaching process focus too much on individual work rather than on group work. The final critique of Behaviorist learning theory from the Constructivist perspective helped define the core of Constructivism. To imply that knowledge is separate to the human mind and that it must be sendred to the learner in a teacher centered approach fundamentally was counter to the Constructivist theory of learning.Constructivists believe that all humans have the ability to construct knowledge in their own minds through a process of discovery and problem-solving. The extent to which this process can take place naturally, without structure and teaching is the defining factor amongst those who advocate this learning theory. Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, observed human development as progressive stages of cognitive development. His four stages, which co mmence at infancy and progress into adulthood, characterize the cognitive abilities needful at each stage to construct meaning of ones environment.Seymour Papert, psychologist and contemporary critique of Behaviorist teaching methods, writes in his book, The Childrens Machine Thus, structureism, my personal reconstruction of constructivism has as its main feature the fact that it looks more closely than other educational -isms at the idea of mental construction. It attaches special importance to the role of constructions in the world as a support for those in the head, thereby becoming less of a purely mentalist doctrine. (Papert, 1993, p. 42) As the inventor of LOGO, the programming tool for children, Papert too believed that children as learners have a natural curiosity to construct meaning of their world. The educational system as Papert saw it was too structured and it stifled this natural curiosity. The means by which children were being taught relegated them to a role of pa ssive recipients of the teaching hence, they were not motivated to construct any learning for themselves. Learning according to Constructivists is a question of motivating an individual to attach new meaning to past cognitive experiences.According to Papert It constuctivsm does not call in question the value of instruction as such. That would be silly Even the statement (endorsed if not originated by Piaget) that every act of teaching deprives the child of an opportunity for discovery is not a categorical exigent against teaching, but a paradoxically expressed reminder to keep it in check. The constructionist attitude to teaching is not at all dismissive because it is minimalist the goal is to teach in such a way as to produce the most learning for the least teaching.Of course, this cannot be achieved simply by reducing the measuring rod of teaching while leaving everything unchanged. The principle other necessary change parallels an African proverb If a man is hungry you can giv e him a fish, but it is better to give him a line and teach him to catch fish himself. (Papert, 1993, p. 139) Paperts desire to have children become motivated learners, critical thinkers, problem-solvers and metacognitionists is to be achieved through educational reform that provides the learner with the necessary tools to participate and to take ownership of the learning process.According to Papert, the computer is the appropriate tool to achieve such desired educational reform. These desired objectives of Papert and others who share the Constructivist view of learning are coming closer to reality as more people discover the power of computer technology. From Donald Tapscotts perspective, Paperts desired reality is happening now, as a paradigm shift to more interactive learning due to the exploitation of the digital media is taking place in our learning institutions.Tapscott cites eight shifts in learning today From linear to hypermedia. From instruction to construction and disc overy. From teacher-centered to learner-centered education. From absorbing material to learning how to navigate and how to learn. From school to womb-to-tomb learning. From one-size-fits-all to customized learning. From learning as torture as learning as fun. From the teacher as transmitter to the teacher as facilitator. Hyperlinks to Constructivist Web Pages http//www. tcimet. net/mmclass/summer/CHPTales. tm http//www. coe. uh. edu/srmehall/theory/construct. html http//www. gwu. edu/tip/bruner. html http//www. mamamedia. com/areas/grownups/people/seymour. html http//www. mamamedia. com/areas/grownups/home_alt. html http//lynx. dac. neu. edu/home/httpd/t/tjohnson/papert%20history. htm pic Fitting the other Theories onto the Spectrum The two extremes of the spectrum have been outlined (refer to diagram 2). Inherent within each of these two extremes are related theories. Diagram 2 (Spectrum Summary)Behaviorism Constructivism Directed Instruction Non-directed Instruction O bjectivist Constructivist Teacher-centered Learner-centered Behavioral observations Cognitive trading operations Focus on the individual congregation work is emphasized More focussed on one approach More holistic in approach Fundamentally, Constructivism is a cognitive learning theory because of its focus on the mental processes that construct meaning.Other learning theories equated with cognitive psychology are Information-Processing theory, Scaffolding theory (associated with the Russian philosopher Lev Vygotsky) and outlook-based learning theory (associated with neuroscientists such as Marian Diamond and Robert Sylwester and educator Susan Kovalik). Information-Processing theory regards human learning as being analogous to a computer and its ability to store memory. As humans we process information initially with our senses. This information is either processed into our short term memory or it is lost. If this information is used and practised it is only then put into lon g term memory. Lev Vygotsky thought that our cognitive development was directly related to our social development.The refinement we live in influences our social and cognitive development according to Vygotsky. He further recognized the differences of how the world is seen by children and by adults. Vygotsky labelled this difference in cognitive ability as the zone of proximal development. The job of educators was to separate this zone and to find out where the child was situated in this zone and public figure upon their specific level through a scaffolding process. Building from what the learner knows is in essence, anchoring the learning on past experience. such(prenominal) anchoring is fundamental to Constructivist theory of learning. information processing system technology is viewed by Seymour Papert as an excellent means to anchoring learning to meaningful experiences.The complexity of understanding how humans learn is reflective of our complexity as biological, social and cognitive animals. Many theories exist, all focussing on different aspects of our make-up as humans. Each theory is an attempt to explain how we learn, act and behave Sigmund Freud focussed on our sub-conscious, Skinner on our observable behavior, cognitive psychologists on our mental processes, humanistic psychology on our social and interpersonal development. Howard Gardner took a more holistic approach in describing our cognitive profiles. His classification of human intellectual ability into seven intelligences incorporates many aspects of psychology to define the cognitive behavior of humans.Before move on to Multiple Intelligences , refer to the following hyperlinks for information on other learning theories. http//mse. byu. edu/ipt301/jordan/learning. html pic Theory of Multiple Intelligences Human intelligence should not be equated solely with linguistic or logical-mathematical intelligence alone, according to Howard Gardner. As the author of a new way of looking at human intelligences, Gardner, a Harvard professor, identify a total of seven different intelligences that humans may possess. His list includes Linguistic intelligence Logical-mathematical intelligence Spatial intelligence Musical intelligence Bodily-kinesthetic social intelligence Intrapersonal intelligenceGardner is working on more intelligences that qualify as cognitive processes Multiple intelligences theory, on the other hand, pluralizes the traditional concept(Gardner, 1993, p. 15) Gardners fascination with human intelligence and how the brain works was started with an investigation of people who had experienced brain damage of some sort. He recognized that not all abilities, whether cognitive or motor-sensory, were eliminated from the individuals repertoire despite having endured some form of brain damage. Gardner hypothesized that we possess more than one form of intelligence. The theory of multiple intelligences provides a more holistic view of the intelligence of humans .Gardner advocates that we may all attempt to develop each of these intelligences to our optimum level. However, we may be more adept in only certain of these intelligences. We may however, purport through practice and development to improve in the remaining intelligences. The use of technology appeals to this view of intelligence in that Gardners theory acknowledges that cognition is not a linear process. The computer as a learning tool has enormous potential in developing the different forms of intelligences of Gardners theory. Hyperlinks to Multiple Intelligences Web Pages http//www. athena. ivv. nasa. gov/curric/weather/adptcty/multint. html picLearning Theories and the Brain What is Learning? Learning is the process by which we receive and process sensory data, encode such data as memories within the neuronal structures of our brain, and retrieve those memories for subsequent use. The variety of information stored within such memories is enormous, including such items as how to control your sphincter muscle until a socially appropriate occasion, how to identify mommy in a crowd, how to ride a bicycle, what is the shortest path to grandmothers house without going near the lair of the wolf, what is the tune for Beethovens Ode to Joy, and what a philosopher means when she says The cat is on the mat. All learning takes place within the brain, and as our understanding of the underlying structures and processes of the brain increases we can begin to dedicate that knowledge to improve our construction of learning environments. Our ability to describe and understand the basic processes by which our brain learns has been enhanced by recent technological developments and by the accumulation of long-term studies in human and animal populations. Of particular benefit has been the development of brain-imaging techniques that allow us to observe the operation of normal human brains during the accomplishment of a variety of tasks. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) a nd similar technologies have allowed enquiryers to map neural activity during sensory data processing and monitor the transfer of information into long-term memory.Researchers have also made great strides in determining the basic mechanisms that underlie the transmission of information within the brain. Such research on brain structure, neural transmitters, and the process by which memories are stored and retrieved have allowed the development of neuro-physiologic models of learning. Although neuroscience has provided us with an increasingly rich and accurate descriptive theory of learning within the brain, we excuse need normative theories of how to maximize the efficiency and capacity of human learning. To some extent all learning theories are prescriptive and search to minimize the time required to transfer information into memory and maximize the efficiency of retrieving that information.Our current knowledge of the brain, and our speculations regarding the evolutionary funct ion of learning, should assist such prescriptive theories in designing learning environments that provide for maximum learning efficiency. In particular, prescriptive theories informed by our current knowledge of neuroscience should allow us to evaluate the role of multimedia in learning environments. We should also be able to maximize the impact of multimedia in such environments through application of learning theories and our knowledge of the human brain. Learning environments should not be construed simply as the traditional formal classroom within the context of institutionalized public education. Such environments occur within the workplace, the home, and other social institutions as communication and information technology continues to penetrate Western society.We should also be aware that the use of multimedia will have an impact upon the development of the human brain, particularly when such techniques are used with children and adolescents whose brains are still developing and maturing. pic The Brain The three-pound universe that is our brain consists of more than 100 billion neurons and the associated structures that organize, nourish, and protect their functioning. Each neuron may have amidst 5,000 and 50,000 connections to other neurons, forming a dense connective mat that allows the storage of enormous amounts of information. It is important to remember that structures within the brain continue to develop until late adolescence and that neurons will continue to grow connections to other neurons throughout adult life. pic Brain StructuresThe diagram above shows four basic structures in the brain that are important for bodily functions and for learning and memory. The brain stem is primarily concerned with basic survival functions and the regulation of tree trunk systems. The cerebellum is involved in the performance of automatic movement patterns (walking, running, touch-typing, and other physical skills that can become part of automatic proce dural memory). The limbic system is responsible for the processing of short-term memory into long-term memory as well as the generation and regulation of emotions. The cerebral cerebral cortex is the area of the brain in which sensory data is received and analyzed, decisions are made, and behavioral responses are activated.Information is received from the major sensory organs of the body eyes, ears, nose, tongue, and skin and is held briefly in sensory memory. The further processing of that information appears to be dependent upon the state of emotional arousal of the brain and the utility of such information for potential survival. Long-term memories are generated through the growth and spread of neural connections between those modular structures that contain the memory (Sylwester, 1995, pp. 89-90). The more often such structures are activated and the stronger the connections become to associated structures, the more easily such memories are retrieved and used by the brain in dec ision making and conscious thought.To some extent the driving forces behind the way our brain processes sensory input and makes decisions are the survival imperatives that accompanied human physical and cultural evolution. Our brains reflect the importance that survival places upon evaluating potential threat situations, making a quick response, and focusing all body resources on support of those functions that may lead to continued survival. In high-threat situations the focus of the brain will be almost exclusively upon what is identified as the potential threat while the body shuts down relatively unreal systems to concentrate on those involved in the fight-or-flight response.Low-threat situations allow the brain to sample and evaluate a broader spectrum of sensory input and to analyze such input for upcoming use. Thus a large looming shadow in the cave mouth tends to generate fear, prompting the body to shut down digestion, pump more adrenaline, and civilise the cerebellum to handle the process of running while the cerebral cortex looks for places to hide or make a stand. Strong negative emotion tends to evoke the fight-or-flight physiological and mental responses that shut down high-level cognition. A premium should therefor be placed upon the reduction of those factors within a learning environment that give rise to negative emotions.At the same time, sensory input that does not receive attention is not available for processing through short-term into long-term memory. Clearly a balance must be struck between too much and too little stimulation in learning situations. virtually stimulation and motivation is necessary for the learner to pay attention to the data that they are required to learn on the other hand too much stimulation (particularly in a negative context) is liable to create anger or fear as an emotional response, either of which can serve to annul the amount of learning carried out within the environment. It appears that the limbic syst em plays an important part in the process of storing information as long-term memories.Those activities that provide an emotionally supportive environment may well have a positive effect upon the processing of information into long-term storage and subsequent retrieval of those memories. Group activities, co-operative learning, role-playing, and simulations tend to provide emotional support and emotional context for learning. Retrieval of long-term memories is enhanced when a large number of connections have been established between the neural modules that store such memories. To some extent our growing knowledge about the organization of the brain tends to support those theories of learning that can generally be labeled as constructivist. That is, situated knowledge that is connected to a large number of other memories is more apt to be recalled than is unconnected knowledge that has been learned by rote.Because the process of creating connections between ideas and memories is esse ntially carried out through a process of rehearsal and review, learners should be encouraged to review knowledge that is being learned and attempt to build connections to that knowledge that is already easily retrieved from long-term memory. Such cognitive tools as narration, story-telling, constructing metaphors, and making comparisons are strategies that help to build and maintain connections. The construction of knowledge is essentially the growing of connections between the neural modules that contain individual memories. pic Implications for Learning Theory If the apparent symmetry between contemporary brain-based learning theories and constructivism is accurate, then basic guiding principles of constructivism should be used in designing learning environments.These principles include 1. Learning is a search for meaning. Therefore, learning must start with the issues somewhat which students are actively trying to construct meaning. 2. Meaning requires understanding wholes as we ll as parts. Parts must be understood in the context of wholes. Therefore the learning process focuses on primary concepts, not isolated facts. 3. In order to teach well, we must understand the mental models that students use to understand the world, and the assumptions that support those models. 4. The purpose of learning is to construct ones own meaning, not to have the right answers by repeating someone elses meaning.Learning is inherently inter-disciplinary, and the only of import assessment of learning is assessment that is part of the learning process and that provides students with information on the quality of their learning. (On Purpose Associates, 1998b) Such learning environments should also be knowing around the ideas that come forward from brain-based learning. That is, they should employ the three instructional techniques associated with brain-based learning orchestrated immersion, where learning environments are created that fully immerse students in a learning expe rience relaxed alertness, where an effort is made to eliminate fear while maintaining a highly challenging environment and active processing, where the learner consolidates and internalizes information by actively processing it (On Purpose Associates, 1998a).Learning environments constructed with these principles in mind will tend to be organized around thematic units featuring knowledge in depth and the exploration of projects that have real meaning for the participating learners. pic Implications for Multimedia How should we then use multimedia presentations of information to effectively learn in the context of current brain-based learning theory? The communications and information technology that constitutes contemporary multimedia platforms has some evidential advantages in creating a learning environment, but there are some pitfalls that must be accounted for as part of the learning process. Multimedia, at its best, allows us to bring the real world to the learner through the use of sound and video.Such connection to the real world should serve as a factor in motivating students, and as a factor in providing them with additional connections to other knowledge structures. At the same time, multimedia allows students to experience information through multiple modes of presentation. Such multi-modal learning should help to build connections within the learners brain if only because multiple modes of reception will engage different areas of the learners brain. Contemporary multimedia platforms allow a greater degree of learner control and more freedom for the learner to undertake self-directed exploration of the material. Such self-directed learning is likely to be more meaningful and more connected to existing knowledge structures within the learners brain.Therefore, we should see advantages for learning programs that include multimedia presentations. Learners should also gain from the possibility of self-paced instruction based upon contemporary multimedia learning technology. Whenever possible, immediate feedback should be built into a multimedia program to assist students in forming correct connections prior to reinforcing connections between new and old information incorporated within existing knowledge structures. Designers of multimedia instructional packages should take comfort in the strengths of multimedia, but they should also be aware of potential problems in using multimedia with learners.Although current multimedia technology allows excellent presentation in both video and audio modes, and provides some tactile feedback through the use of keyboards, there is little to offer students who need tactile experience ? multimedia is essentially a bimodal presentation dodging unless additional work is done to prepare material for students. Even the best multimedia programs cannot provide the total stimulation that natural environments provide? we have heretofore to incorporate smell or taste into such presentations, and tactile sensations are still limited. More importantly, there is a clear danger that multimedia programs may be used to substitute for interaction with other learners.We should not be seduced by technical virtuosity or cutting-edge visual and aural effects, there is still a need for human interaction and emotional support. Above all else, we should beware of the tendency to substitute passive learning for active learning. Multimedia provides significant advantages in presenting information to learners, particularly if sufficient resources have been invested to create presentations that make full use of current technology. Presentation of information, no matter how technically sophisticated, is not enough learners must interact with content to construct their own meanings and integrate new knowledge into the dense web of neural connections that is mind and memory. pic